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Finalist of the Paul E. Lovejoy Book Prize
IN THE
BLOOD
OF OUR BROTHERS
Finalist of the Paul E. Lovejoy Book Prize
IN THE
BLOOD
OF
OUR
BROTHERS
Abolitionism and the End of the Slave Trade in Spain’s Atlantic Empire, 1800–1870
It was a
momentous night
It was a momentous night. The British Prime Minister William Wyndham Grenville rose from the red benches in the House of Lords to move a second reading of the Bill for the Abolition of the Slave Trade. “What right do we derive from any human institution, or any divine ordinance,” he asked, “to tear the natives of Africa, to deprive them by force of the means of laboring for their own advantage, and to compel them to labor for our profit?”¹ The legislation was passed. Watching from the chamber’s public gallery, a young Spaniard, Agustín de Argüelles, felt that he had witnessed an event of monumental significance. Little did he know that three years later he would attempt to put an end to the “infamous traffic” across the dominions of the Spanish crown.
Argüelles had arrived in London in 1806 and was working for the Spanish government as a secret agent. He would become one of the most important statesmen of his generation and a central figure in Spanish politics for more than forty years. The abolition of the slave trade and slavery would be a recurrent concern during his life, and in many ways his inconsistent convictions and thoughts, his changing attitudes and political action, mirror the complex ways in which Spaniards from both sides of the Atlantic thought about the slave trade and slavery.
1802 - 1814
1802
1814
Early Spanish Anti–Slave Trade Discourses, 1802–1814
«Trading in the blood of our brothers is horrendous, atrocious and inhumane and the National Congress must not hesitate for a single moment between its high principles and the interest of certain individuals.»
— Agustín de Argüelles, 1810
Agustín de Argüelles and British politician and abolitionist William Wilberforce never met in person. Most likely, Wilberforce did not encounter his name until 1811, when Argüelles, member of parliament for the northern region of Asturias, become a central figure in Spanish politics. But Argüelles knew well who Wilberforce was. Wilberforce’s fight represented, in Argüelles’s mind, the very best of the British political system, capable of conducting a radical transformation from the benches of a freely elected parliament, respecting the tradition while embodying the passion of a true Jacobin. Argüelles admired Wilberforce, and if he had the chance, he wanted to become him.
1814 - 1823
1814
1823
Defining a New Discourse on the Slave Trade
Absolutist Nuances, Toreno’s Commitment, and Varela’s Utopia
«The longer that the People have lost their liberty, the stronger becomes in them their anxiety to recover it.»
— Council of the Indies, 1816
The Spanish king Fernando VII was no abolitionist. Contrary to what he occasionally expressed, his political actions demonstrated a general disregard for the lives of those enslaved and transported across the ocean to labor for others for free in his dominions. However, the Spanish state was heterogeneous and exposed to the new ideas circulating in the Atlantic World. Abolitionism was so persuasive as to pervade the court of the absolutist king, with important consequences for the political counsel he was given at certain junctures.
1823 - 1835
1823
1835
Abolitionism, Exile, and the “Necessary Evil” Argument, 1823–1835
«It is well known, that every river on the coast of Africa, where slaves are to be obtained, still swarms with slave-ships, bearing openly the flag of Spain.»
— Lord Palmerston, 1831
In April 1823, some 95,000 French soldiers invaded Spain in response to the call for help made by Fernando VII to the so-called Holy Alliance of the Austrian and Russian Empires and the kingdoms of France and Prussia. The host commanded by Louis Antoine of France, Duke of Angoulême, wrested control of the country without significant opposition. The Liberal government sought refuge in Cadiz, but on August 31 the French army conquered the city. Fernando was restored as absolute monarch, the Liberal constitution of 1812 annulled, along with all ancillary civil liberties. Thousands of Spaniards sought political asylum abroad, in many instances resuming work for their previous causes—or new ones— from their new havens.
1833 - 1845
1833
1845
Political Exclusion, Racism, and Abolitionism in the 1840s
«In vain are my efforts to arouse any repugnance in myself at the thought that a man of color might sit at my side on these benches.»
— Domingo María Vila, 1837
By 1833 Spain was a very different country from the one that had resisted the Napoleonic invasion. The independence of most of the American territories, the civil war, the repression and the long exiles of some of its key Liberal political figures had created a much darker political climate, in which many pledged to preserve what was left of a shrinking empire at any cost— even if for some, like Agustín de Argüelles, this meant arguing against what they had passionately fought for twenty-five years before. The new regime restricted the liberties and rights of colonial subjects, excluded their representatives from the parliament, and ignored those “philanthropic theories” that had inspired the debates of Cadiz. All in the name of the preservation of what was left: Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.
1845 - 1868
1845
1868
The End of the Slave Trade in the Spanish Empire
«Horrible slavery! (. . .) Who in righteous anger does not burn? / Who, heartbroken, does not groan / and to God and the world cry for their help?»
— Concepción Arenal, 1866
The end of the slave trade had been regarded for decades as inevitable. The political efforts of slave owners, abolitionists, and authorities had concentrated on the question of just how long the trade could persist, rather than contestation of whether it could be tolerated indefinitely. In the two decades leading up to the 1860s, the forces opposed to abolitionism had profited from a general atrophy in this debate, and as such the Spanish slave trade of the late 1850s was as profitable and dynamic as ever before. There was little hope in the abolitionist camp of seeing a sudden end to the “odious commerce.”
About the author
Dr Jesús Sanjurjo (BA Oviedo, MA PhD Leeds, FRHistS) is a Leverhulme & Chancellor’s Fellow at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow. Before joining Strathclyde, he taught at the universities of Cambridge, Cardiff and York. He earned his PhD in July 2018 from the University of Leeds, for which he was awarded an AHRC-WRoCAH Doctoral Studentship.
His first book, In the Blood of Our Brothers. Abolitionism and the End of the Slave Trade in Spain’s Atlantic Empire, 1800–1870 (University of Alabama Press, 2021) was selected as a finalist for the prestigious Paul E. Lovejoy Prize, an annual award provided by Brill and the Journal of Global Slavery for excellence and originality in a major work on any theme related to global slavery. In 2023, the Spanish edition of the monograph was published by Editorial Comares.
The book analyses how anti-slavery ideas were shaped, received, transformed and developed in the Spanish Empire during the nineteenth century. In doing so, this study reveals the complex development of abolitionist and anti-abolitionist discourses in the public life of Spain and the Spanish speaking-Caribbean up until the end of the transatlantic slave trade. It unravels the history of the ideological, political and diplomatic battle fought across the Atlantic for the abolition of the slave trade in Spain’s Atlantic empire.
More recently, he has co-edited, together with Professor Manuel Barcia, the book, New Approaches to the Comparative Abolition in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, which will be published by Routledge in Spring 2023. Taking the theme of ‘abolition’ as its point of departure, this book builds on the significant growth in scholarship on unfree labour in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean worlds during the past two decades. The essays revisit some of the persistent problems posed by the traditional comparative literature on slavery and indentured labour, as well as identify new and promising areas for future research.
He has published various articles, special issues and book reviews, both in English and Spanish. His most recent publication, commissioned by the journal European History Quarterly, is the special issue ‘Centering Blackness in European History’, published in January 2023. This collection of essays engages with the methodological and intellectual challenges that we as historians face when centring the lives of Black people in the history of Europe. We conclude that no matter the difficulties, these new approaches have proven genuinely liberating and have allowed historians to shun traditional narratives that consistently ignore the intellectual, political, social and cultural contribution of Black people to European History.
His current major research project, ‘Black Soldiers of the Caribbean: Race, Slavery and Radical Politics,’ interrogates the intersection of Blackness, radical politics, slavery and self-emancipation in the Caribbean during the Age of Revolutions. It proposes that General Lorenzo’s uprising of 1836 in Santiago de Cuba is a fundamental episode in the history of revolutions in the Atlantic World and explores the motivations, fears and aspirations of the Black soldiers who participated in this failed rebellion. This project intends to contribute significantly to the debates on colonial slavery, the role of Black people (Black soldiers in particular) to imagine post-emancipation societies, and the relationship between liberal and modern thinking and the legacies of slavery.
Dr Jesús Sanjurjo (BA Oviedo, MA PhD Leeds, FRHistS) is a Leverhulme & Chancellor’s Fellow at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow. Before joining Strathclyde, he taught at the universities of Cambridge, Cardiff and York. He earned his PhD in July 2018 from the University of Leeds, for which he was awarded an AHRC-WRoCAH Doctoral Studentship.
His first book, In the Blood of Our Brothers. Abolitionism and the End of the Slave Trade in Spain’s Atlantic Empire, 1800–1870 (University of Alabama Press, 2021) was selected as a finalist for the prestigious Paul E. Lovejoy Prize, an annual award provided by Brill and the Journal of Global Slavery for excellence and originality in a major work on any theme related to global slavery. In 2023, the Spanish edition of the monograph was published by Editorial Comares.
The book analyses how anti-slavery ideas were shaped, received, transformed and developed in the Spanish Empire during the nineteenth century. In doing so, this study reveals the complex development of abolitionist and anti-abolitionist discourses in the public life of Spain and the Spanish-speaking Caribbean up until the end of the transatlantic slave trade. It unravels the history of the ideological, political and diplomatic battle fought across the Atlantic for the abolition of the slave trade in Spain’s Atlantic empire.
More recently, he has co-edited, together with Professor Manuel Barcia, the book, New Approaches to the Comparative Abolition in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, which will be published by Routledge in Spring 2023. Taking the theme of ‘abolition’ as its point of departure, this book builds on the significant growth in scholarship on unfree labour in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean worlds during the past two decades. The essays revisit some of the persistent problems posed by the traditional comparative literature on slavery and indentured labour, as well as identify new and promising areas for future research.
He has published various articles, special issues and book reviews, both in English and Spanish. His most recent publication, commissioned by the journal European History Quarterly, is the special issue ‘Centering Blackness in European History’, published in January 2023. This collection of essays engages with the methodological and intellectual challenges that we as historians face when centring the lives of Black people in the history of Europe. We conclude that no matter the difficulties, these new approaches have proven genuinely liberating and have allowed historians to shun traditional narratives that consistently ignore the intellectual, political, social and cultural contribution of Black people to European History.
His current major research project, ‘Black Soldiers of the Caribbean: Race, Slavery and Radical Politics,’ interrogates the intersection of Blackness, radical politics, slavery and self-emancipation in the Caribbean during the Age of Revolutions. It proposes that General Lorenzo’s uprising of 1836 in Santiago de Cuba is a fundamental episode in the history of revolutions in the Atlantic World and explores the motivations, fears and aspirations of the Black soldiers who participated in this failed rebellion. This project intends to contribute significantly to the debates on colonial slavery, the role of Black people (Black soldiers in particular) in imagining post-emancipation societies, and the relationship between liberal and modern thinking and the legacies of slavery.
Contact
Website Copyright © 2021 Dr Jesús Sanjurjo. All rights reserved. Inquiries about reproducing material from this website should be addressed to Dr Jesús Sanjurjo.
Texts: Copyright © 2021 University of Alabama Press. All rights reserved.
Website and book cover image: Section of ‘Seascape 6, with Alizarin Crimson’ by Jake Wood-Evans, 120 x 104 cm, oil on linen, 2018 | www.jakewoodevans.com
Book cover design: Michele Myatt Quinn.
Website illustrations: Cinthya Álvarez | www.cinthyaalvarez.com